[153] There were three main military theatres in the war: Italy, where Hannibal defeated the Roman legions repeatedly, with occasional subsidiary campaigns in Sicily, Sardinia and Greece; Iberia, where Hasdrubal, a younger brother of Hannibal, defended the Carthaginian colonial cities with mixed success until moving into Italy; and Africa, where the war was decided. [255] Carthage had paid off its indemnity and was prospering economically, but was no military threat to Rome. Sign up for our free weekly email newsletter! Carthage and Rome came into conflict as they sought to expand; Rome defeated Carthage in the three Punic Wars. PublicAffairs. [77][78] The focus of the war shifted to the sea, where the Romans had little experience; on the few occasions they had previously felt the need for a naval presence they had usually relied on small squadrons provided by their Latin or Greek allies. Even so, they lacked the expertise at sea of the Carthaginians and, more importantly, were lacking a general with the skill of the Carthaginian Hamilcar Barca (l. 275-228 BCE). [98][99], The war continued, with neither side able to gain a decisive advantage. [174] Hannibal hoped some of these allies could be persuaded to defect and marched south hoping to win over Roman allies among the ethnic Greek and Italic states. The majority were deployed in southern Italy in field armies of approximately 20,000 men each. This war was costly to both sides but Carthage suffered more seriously owing to: Further, however, they seriously underestimated their enemy. Mark, J. J. Hannibal's battle strategy, more well known as his "razed earth strategy" damaged the country side. Accordingly they equipped a new army in which, by the advice of a Greek captain of mercenaries named Xanthippus, cavalry and elephants formed the strongest arm. [68][69][70], Much of the First Punic War was fought on, or in the waters near, Sicily. How did class conflict shape the Roman Republic? [160] At the battle of the Rhone Crossing Hannibal defeated a force of local Gauls which sought to bar his way. The Romans retreated to their coastal stronghold north of the Ebro, from which the Carthaginians again failed to expel them. Campaigns of the Second Punic WarYassineMrabet (GNU FDL). [225], In 210BC Publius Cornelius Scipio,[note 14] arrived in Iberia with further Roman reinforcements. https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-rome/punic-wars. The Carthaginian's superior seamanship was not as effective as they had hoped, while the Romans' corvus gave them an edge as the battle degenerated into a shapeless brawl. - In the First Punic War, Rome gained . Carthage, on the other hand, had long been anxious to conquer Sicily and so to complete the chain of island posts by which it controlled the western Mediterranean. Why did the Roman Republic have two consuls? Mark has lived in Greece and Germany and traveled through Egypt. Many historians believe that if Hannibal had pressed on and taken Rome, the second Punic war would have swung heavily in favor of the Carthaginians. [100] The Carthaginians attacked and recaptured Akragas in 255BC, but not believing they could hold the city they razed and abandoned it. Please support World History Encyclopedia. renato's palm beach happy hour Uncovering hot babes since 1919. [28] The immediate cause of the war was the issue of control of the independent Sicilian city state of Messana (modern Messina). This was not popular with parts of the Roman army, public and senate, since he avoided battle while Italy was being devastated by the enemy. The end of the Punic Wars and Romes replacement of Carthage as the dominant force in the Western Mediterranean, a position it would hold for the following several centuries, were symbolized by the victory and subsequent destruction of the city of Carthage. Cities in Italy became overcrowded, and Rome became the most populous city in Europe and West Asia. For 23 years, in the longest continuous conflict and greatest naval war of antiquity, the two powers struggled for supremacy.The war was fought primarily on the Mediterranean island of Sicily and its surrounding waters . The end of the First Punic War saw the beginning of the Roman expansion beyond the Italian peninsula. [94] The Roman fleet, in turn, was devastated by a storm while returning to Italy, losing most of its ships and more than 100,000 men. Your email address will not be published. The Carthaginians, whose citizen levy was utterly disorganized, could neither keep the field against the invaders nor prevent their subjects from revolting. Roman families prayed around shrines at home each day. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. There were campaigns in Italy, Iberia (Spain), Sicily, North Africa, and more. Do native English speakers have accents in other languages? The recent complications of foreign and internal strife had indeed so weakened Punic power that the prospect of renewing the war under favourable circumstances seemed remote enough. Sources. The First Punic War: 264-241 BCE; The Second Punic War: 218-201 BCE; The Third Punic War: 149-146 BCE. [182] Fabius introduced the Fabian strategy of avoiding open battle with his opponent, but constantly skirmishing with small detachments of the enemy. The Roman senator Cato the Elder took the threat so seriously that he would end all of his speeches, no matter the subject, with the phrase, And, further, I think that Carthage should be destroyed. In 149 BCE Rome sent an embassy to Carthage suggesting exactly that course: that the city should be dismantled and moved inland away from the coast. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. [232] The Carthaginians were defeated, but Hasdrubal was able to withdraw the majority of his army and prevent any Roman pursuit; most of his losses were among his Iberian allies. https://www.worldhistory.org/Punic_Wars/. Best Answer. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Required fields are marked *. Last modified April 18, 2018. We would much rather spend this money on producing more free history content for the world. Your email address will not be published. In the battle of Cannae the Roman legions forced their way through Hannibal's deliberately weak centre, but Libyan heavy infantry on the wings swung around their advance, menacing their flanks. The origin of these conflicts is to be found in the position which Rome acquired, about 275 bce, as leader and protector of all Italy. [159], Meanwhile, Hannibal assembled a Carthaginian army in New Carthage (modern Cartagena) in Iberia and led it northwards along the coast in May or June. [113][114], After more than 20 years of war, both states were financially and demographically exhausted. A gross breach of the treaty was perpetrated when a Roman force was sent to occupy Sardinia, whose insurgent garrison had offered to surrender the island (238). Which statement best describes Julius Caesar's legacy? She gently picked them up in her teeth. [82][83][84] A Carthaginian base on Corsica was seized, but an attack on Sardinia was repulsed; the base on Corsica was then lost. Below is the article summary. Both were wealthy cities competing for land. [24] By 264BC Carthage was the dominant external power on the island, and Carthage and Rome were the preeminent powers in the western Mediterranean. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. They led to the Roman Republic controlling much of the Mediterranean world, to the ruin of a great North African civilization, and to many modern people speaking a Latin-based or Latin-influenced language. Punic Wars. His surprise entry into the Italian peninsula led to the cancellation of Rome's planned campaign for the year: an invasion of Africa. Yale University. The Punic Wars were a series of conflicts between Carthage and Rome between 264-146 BCE. Rome and Carthage . Prior to the conflict, Carthage had grown from a small port-of-call to the richest and most powerful city in the Mediterranean region before 260 BCE. [273] The next morning the Romans started systematically working their way through the residential part of the city, killing everyone they encountered and firing the buildings behind them. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. [33] The balance were equipped as heavy infantry, with body armour, a large shield and short thrusting swords. As they were far more used to fighting land battles, they devised the clever device of the corvus, a moveable gangplank, which could be attached to an enemy's ship and held in place with hooks. According to legend, as Scipio Aemilianus watched the once-mighty city fall into utter ruin, he broke down in tears. [177] Hannibal attempted to draw the main Roman army under Gaius Flaminius into a pitched battle by devastating the area they had been sent to protect,[178] provoking Flaminius into a hasty pursuit without proper reconnaissance. Why did senators oppose the idea of Julius Caesar becoming the leader after Crassus died? This victory was followed by an investment of the chief Punic base at Lilybaeum (Marsala), together with Drepanum (Trapani), by land and sea. Hannibal's father, a Carthaginian general, made his son swear everlasting hostility to Rome. The First Punic War broke out on the Mediterranean island of Sicily in 264BC as a result of Rome's expansionary attitude combined with Carthage's proprietary approach to the island. Neither Carthage nor Rome successfully won the battle over . Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Polybius gives 140,000 personnel in the Roman fleet and 150,000 in the Carthaginian; these figures are broadly accepted by historians of the conflict. The First Punic War (264-241 BC) was the first of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage, the two main powers of the western Mediterranean in the early 3rd century BC. [240] Scipio gave battle to and destroyed two large Carthaginian armies. Third Punic War (149 - 146 B.C) The third Punic War compound the belic conflict which led to the total eradication of the Carthaginian civilization and culture. The Carthaginian territory became the Roman province of Africa. Recognizing that Hannibal's army would be recalled if Carthage were attacked, and with Spain now under Roman control, Scipio manned a fleet and sailed to North Africa where he took the Carthaginian city of Utica. Which statement provides evidence that Rome was a male-dominated society? [203] By early 215BC they were fielding at least 12 legions; by 214BC, 18; and by 213BC, 22. 5 - Who did the Romans fight in the Punic Wars? [163] The Roman commanders captured Saguntum in 212BC and in 211BC hired 20,000 Celtiberian mercenaries to reinforce their army. Follow the steps: [198][199], When the port city of Locri defected to Carthage in the summer of 215BC it was immediately used to reinforce the Carthaginian forces in Italy with soldiers, supplies and war elephants. These wars are collectively called the Punic Wars. [276][277], The remaining Carthaginian territories were annexed by Rome and reconstituted to become the Roman province of Africa with Utica as its capital. Hiero II, the tyrant of Syracuse for the previous forty-five years and a staunch Roman ally, died in that year and his successor Hieronymus was discontented with his situation. This war would rage on for over twenty years and feature some of the most significant naval battles of the ancient world. A fresh Roman army attacked the main Carthaginian stronghold on the island, Agrigentum, in 210BC and the city was betrayed to the Romans by a discontented Carthaginian officer. The Carthaginians refused to comply with this and so began the Third Punic War. Meanwhile, the Carthaginian army was crippled by plague. [194] Within a few weeks of Cannae a Roman army of 25,000 was ambushed by Boii Gauls at the battle of Silva Litana and annihilated. What did the Romans do to help protect most cities from attack? Advertisement. In 151BC Carthage raised an army, the treaty notwithstanding, and counterattacked the Numidians. How did Romes expansion after the Punic Wars affect Romes social development? Hannibal, however, never attained the goal of creating a major division between Rome and its allies. [65] Getting the oarsmen to row as a unit, let alone to execute more complex battle manoeuvres, required long and arduous training. [112] It was to be seven years before Rome again attempted to field a substantial fleet, while Carthage put most of its ships into reserve to save money and free up manpower. Seeing the crying babies, she took pity on them. [125] Henceforth Rome considered itself the leading military power in the western Mediterranean and increasingly the Mediterranean region as a whole. While Carthage supported Syracuse, Rome supported Messina, and the struggle soon exploded into a direct conflict between the two powers, with control of Sicily at stake. According to Polybius and Livy in their histories of Rome, Hamilcar Barca, who died in 229 B.C., made his younger son Hannibal swear a blood oath against Rome when he was just a young boy. What was one way the consuls were prevented from having too much power? The elephants routed through the Carthaginian infantry, who were then charged by the Roman infantry to complete their defeat. It resulted in the destruction of Carthage. The triumvirate took control of the government. [62] This allowed Roman legionaries acting as marines to board enemy ships and capture them, rather than employing the previously traditional tactic of ramming. Through a treaty with the small city of Rome, she barred Roman trade in the Western Mediterranean and, as Rome had no navy, was able to easily enforce the treaty. [166], The Carthaginians captured the chief city of the hostile Taurini (in the area of modern Turin) and seized its food stocks. Why did Cicero speak out against Julius Caesar? The Second Punic War forced them to abandon Spain and the Third ended Carthage. [273] It took six days to clear the city of resistance; only on the last day did Scipio take prisoners. [45] Slingers were frequently recruited from the Balearic Islands. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! the Roman fleet was able to win a decisive victory against the Carthaginians at sea, breaking their legendary naval superiority. The attendant new obligation to safeguard the peninsula against foreign interference made it necessary not to allow the neighbouring island of Sicily to fall into the hands of a strong and expansive power. In 254 they captured the important fortress of Panormus (Palermo), but when Carthage threw reinforcements into the island the war again came to a standstill. Mark, Joshua J.. "Punic Wars." Several different "talents" are known from antiquity. [95][96][97] It is possible that the presence of the corvus, making the Roman ships unusually unseaworthy, contributed to this disaster; there is no record of them being used again. Updates? [191], The historian Richard Miles describes Cannae as "Rome's greatest military disaster". The United States gave the executive branch the power to veto laws. Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University. Roman traders caught in Carthaginian waters were drowned and their ships taken. Why did some Romans attempt to reform the government? The new allies increased the number of places that Hannibal's army was expected to defend from Roman retribution, but provided relatively few fresh troops to assist him in doing so. At Mylae (Milazzo), off the north Sicilian coast, their admiral Gaius Duilius defeated a Carthaginian squadron of superior maneuvering capacity by grappling and boarding. [147][148] Hamilcar ruled as a viceroy and was succeeded by his son-in-law, Hasdrubal, in the early 220sBC and then his son, Hannibal, in 221BC. Carthage's new allies felt little sense of community with Carthage, or even with each other. The western Mediterranean during the Punic Wars, Learn about the rise and fall of the Carthaginian empire. Their army raided the Roman lines of communication,[263] and in 148BC Carthaginian fire ships destroyed many Roman vessels. 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. For each word in the chart, identify a synonym - a word with the same denotation. Hasdrubal fled Spain, following his brother over the Alps into Italy to join forces. Had the Carthaginian government better supplied and reinforced Hamilcar, they most probably would have won the war but, instead, they contented themselves with hoarding their wealth and trusted to Hamilcar and his mercenaries to take care of their enemies without the necessary support. Due to ancient Rome being dominated by this architecture affect, other cities have adopted ancient Roman architecture. [139] These events fuelled resentment of Rome in Carthage, which was not reconciled to Rome's perception of its situation. Hasdrubal had ably defended Spain from the Romans until the arrival of Scipio who defeated him completely in 208 BCE. The Roman general Scipio Aemilianus (l. 185-129 BCE) besieged the city for three years and, when it fell, sacked it and burned it to the ground. The Roman commander, nevertheless, persisted in throwing troops into the city, and, by seizing the Carthaginian admiral during a parley, induced him to withdraw. The Punic Wars were caused by the competing interests of Carthage and Rome. [53][54] Forming up in battle order was a complicated and premeditated affair, which took several hours. For over a century, the Romans and the Carthaginians had fought for control of the Mediterranean. Updates? They served under a variety of arrangements; for example, some were the regular troops of allied cities or kingdoms seconded to Carthage as part of formal treaties, some were from allied states fighting under their own leaders, many were volunteers from areas under Carthaginian control who were not Carthaginian citizens. They concentrated their efforts on the conquest of Spain rather than trying to drive the Romans out of their former colonies. [121] This new fleet effectively blockaded the Carthaginian garrisons. [34][35], Carthaginian citizens only served in their army if there was a direct threat to the city of Carthage. The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. In 146BC the Romans stormed the city of Carthage, sacked it, slaughtered or enslaved most of its population, and completely demolished the city. Books [104] On Sicily the Romans avoided battle in 252 and 251BC, according to Polybius because they feared the war elephants which the Carthaginians had shipped to the island. His defiant policy was too popular to be disavowed, however. Infantry were usually positioned in the centre of the battle line, with light infantry skirmishers to their front and cavalry on each flank. In 201 BCE, you have the end of the Second Punic War. All except the smallest towns were too well fortified for Hannibal to take by assault and blockade could be a long-drawn-out affair, or, if the target was a port, impossible. Rome and Carthage fought in the Punic Wars. Punic Wars, also called Carthaginian Wars, (264-146 bce), a series of three wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire, resulting in the destruction of Carthage, the enslavement of its population, and Roman hegemony over the western Mediterranean. [30], Most male Roman citizens were eligible for military service and would serve as infantry, with a better-off minority providing a cavalry component. Scipio allowed Carthage to retain her colonies in Africa but she had to surrender her navy and was not allowed to make war under any circumstances without Rome's approval. It is a combination of hills, mountains, and plains. Why were Carthage and Rome continually at war between 264 and 146 BCE? |-|-|-|-| He thought that Caesar was a danger to the entire republic. The main Roman camp was in a swamp, which caused an outbreak of disease during the summer. Such Italian forces as were raised resisted operating away from their home cities and performed poorly when they did. Fabius' strategy might have worked had not the Romans become impatient with their legions' inactivity. Roman farmers had burned their fields and crops to prevent Hannibals soldiers from subsisting off the land. Hannibal. During the war, the Carthaginian government had repeatedly failed to pay its mercenary army and so, in 241 BCE, these mercenaries laid siege to the city. [266][268] With no Carthaginian army in the field those cities which had remained loyal went over to the Romans or were captured. The Second Punic War began in 218BC and witnessed the Carthaginian general Hannibal's crossing of the Alps and invasion of mainland Italy. [20], The Roman Republic had been aggressively expanding in the southern Italian mainland for a century before the First Punic War. Background. The Carthaginian senate refused to comply and so began the Second Punic War. The First Punic War was fought to establish control over the strategic islands of Corsica and Sicily. When they did exactly that, and the Romans pressed what they saw as an advantage and followed them, Hannibal closed from behind and the sides, enveloping the Roman forces and crushing them. [237], In 213BC Syphax, a powerful Numidian king in North Africa, declared for Rome. He created jobs in overseas Roman colonies for those in poverty. What resulted from the First Punic War? She rescues the boy who becomes the founder. The farmers were known as the backbone of Rome at the time. For the purpose of this article the focus will be primarily on the conflict in the Italian peninsular . Did Rome win all three Punic Wars? This conflict was fought entirely on Carthage's territories in what is now Tunisia and centred on the siege of Carthage. Rome divided the new territories into provinces. Abandoning that tactic resulted in a major Roman loss at the Battle of Cannae (216); that defeat drew the Romans together, and, though worn down, they managed to rally, eventually defeating Hannibal at the Battle of Zama (202). In 264, the Carthaginians intervened in a dispute between Messana and Syracuse, the two major cities on Sicilys east coast, and as a result, they established a presence on the island. The remaining Carthaginian-controlled towns then surrendered or were taken through force or treachery[214][215] and the Sicilian grain supply to Rome and its armies was secured. Our main source for information about the Punic Wars is the . At the start of the first Punic war, the Romans couldn't compete with the technologically advanced Carthaginian Navy. As the history of the conflict was written by Roman authors, they labeled them collectively as 'The Punic Wars' which refers to: Rome won all three of these wars, allowing the Romans to dominate the Mediterranean region which had previously been controlled by Carthage. To the remonstrances of Carthage the Romans replied with a direct declaration of war, and only withheld their attack upon the formal cession of Sardinia and Corsica and the payment of a further indemnity. Explain how the connotation of the new word differs from the connotation of the original. Though Rome won both the First and Second Punic Wars, Carthage at times came close to victory. Hannibal was born in 247 B.C.E. Hannibal arrived with 20,000 infantry, 6,000 cavalry and an unknown number of elephants the survivors of the 37 with which he left Iberia[74][165] in what is now Piedmont, northern Italy in early November; the Romans were still in their winter quarters. During the long 23 years of conflict, Rome lost over 600 ships, Carthage at least 500. [262][263] The Roman army moved to lay siege to Carthage, but its walls were so strong and its citizen-militia so determined it was unable to make any impact, while the Carthaginians struck back effectively. Mago left Iberia for Cisalpine Gaul with his remaining forces. He was defeated in the battle of Zama in 202 BC and Carthage sued for peace. The world Iberia for Cisalpine Gaul with his remaining forces West Asia a registered trademark skirmishers to coastal. Infantry skirmishers to their front and cavalry on each flank several different talents! ; Rome defeated Carthage in the First and Second Punic Wars Uncovering babes! Lived in Greece and Germany and traveled through Egypt [ 114 ] the! 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