That means a thorough strategy is needed to preserve U.S. cyberspace superiority and stop cyberattacks before they hit our networks. The Department of Defense provides the military forces needed to deter war and ensure our nation's security. Tim Blevins, Air Land Sea Space Application (ALSSA) Center, Meeting The Immediate Needs of the Warfighter, By Maj Eric Pederson (USAF), MAJ Don Palermo (USA), MAJ Stephen Fancey (USA), LCDR (Ret) Tim Blevins, Lemay Center for Doctrine Development and Education, Hosted by Defense Media Activity - WEB.mil, Standardizing network sensors (e.g. While all the authors describe steps that the two sides could take now, the U.S. authors devote considerable attention to five prerequisites they consider necessary for the start of future talks on bilateral cyber rules of the road: codified procedural norms (as noted above), the appropriate rank of participants on both sides, clear attribution standards, a mutual understanding of proportional retaliatory actions and costly signaling., The Russian author believes that Moscow must agree to discuss cyber-related topics in a military context. Russias Approach to Internet and Information Regulation: Building dependable partnerships with private-sector entities who are vital to helping support military operations. Not only will it drastically improve the overall awareness of DODs cybersecurity posture as a whole, but accurate reporting will identify where the DOD has critical gaps in its security and defenses and inform where future money, manpower, or resources should be sent. This is also the case for combatant commands with functional responsibilities since many global capabilities are provided by the military services. The danger in both sides' cyber deterrence, however, lies not so much in their converging will and capacity as much as it is rooted in mutual misunderstanding. [4] Defense Information System Agency Joint Force Headquarters Department of Defense Information Network, Capabilities: Connecting and Protecting the Warfighting in Cyberspace, 2019, https://www.disa.mil/-/media/Files/DISA/Fact-Sheets/DISA-Capabilities.ashx. Moreover, the U.S. authors wonder how to overcome the depth and nature of the mistrust in Washington in pursuing meaningful dialogue, since there is a perception that Moscow has denied capabilities and actions that the U.S. considers to be well established. Now the Air Force has its own identity, service culture, technology, tactics, and strategy. Commanders and directors of DOD organizations must take ownership of their assigned cyberspace. Within a given cyberspace mission, different types of cyberspace actions can occur. Lyle J. Morris, Michael J. Mazarr @MMazarr, et al. how does the dod leverage cyberspace against russia; how does the dod leverage cyberspace against russia. Choose which Defense.gov products you want delivered to your inbox. by Olivia Angelino, Thomas J. Bollyky, Elle Ruggiero and Isabella Turilli Formalizing data access for network defenders, cyberspace operators, and cyberspace commanders to improve cyberspace awareness and establish a common operating picture (COP). More than 5.3 million others are still estimated to be . There are three types of cyberspace missions: offensive cyberspace operations (OCO), defensive cyberspace operations (DCO), and Department of Defense information network (DODIN) operations (DODIN Ops); and, four types of cyberspace actions: attack, exploitation, security, and defense ( Figure 1 ). Should the US and Russia Pursue Confidence-Building Measuresand, if So, Which Ones? November 4, 2022 Russian military operators conducted what should be considered a more aggressive cyber campaign a year before their presidential election meddling, when they posed as CyberCaliphate, an online branch of ISIS, and attacked U.S. media outlets and threatened the safety of U.S. military spouses. The Defense Department could leverage the cyber domain to improve its understanding of the Chinese military. Special reports by expert journalists focus on defense budgets, military tactics, doctrine and strategy. If not, what are some next-best alternatives? Definitions of cyber-related terms need to be clarified as much as possible. Open Government A declared expansion in targeting Russian power grids could ensure that future disruptions, which can occur spontaneously, are seen by Moscow as an unmistakable act of U.S. cyber aggression. CCMD commanders work in a stove pipe and procure technology that is best to meet the needs of their geographical area, but this does not help with standardization across the DOD. We will give a quick summary of these organizations as this will help you understand when we address the complications and solutions for CCMDs. The DOD released its own strategy outlining five lines of effort that help to execute the national strategy. FOIA This graphic describes the four pillars of the U.S. National Cyber Strategy. Leverage can be understood in the way that certain parts of the global internet provide unique surveillance or disruption opportunities to certain nation-states. Since the US has experienced successful and harmful cyber-attacks on the critical infrastructures, protecting the DOD cyberspace from adversaries is more important than ever. Additionally, the joint force function of protecting cyberspace consists largely of cyberspace security actions, and when required, cyberspace defense actions. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. Commentary gives RAND researchers a platform to convey insights based on their professional expertise and often on their peer-reviewed research and analysis. Yet, the services have their own network operating independently within the CCMD AOR and, therefore, the CCMD is unaware of all activities that could have an impact on their current and future operations. Without the advocacy of a distinct service, robust and thoughtful debate on the appropriate use of air power by the other services may have suffered. Both, for instance, view the other as a highly capable adversary. (Photo by Josef Cole), Maj Eric Pederson (USAF), MAJ Don Palermo (USA), MAJ Stephen Fancey (USA), LCDR (Ret.) The most effective way to address these problems and our disjointness is by creating a separate cyber service. These include: Protecting DOD Cyberspace, Now and Beyond. Madeline Mortelmansspoke today at an event hosted by the Association of European Journalists in Madrid, Spain. The Defense Information Systems Network (DISN), managed by Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA), serves as the DODIN backbone (Figure 3). Twitter. History repeated itself when again, at civilian direction the Department of Defense was ordered to create a new Space Force. Conclusion: Long Road Ahead 31Prospects for US-Russia Cyber Rules of the Road:A Russian Perspective 33 Disclaimer. Below we outline points on which the authors agree, disagree or cover ground that their counterparts did not. Consequences of the War in Ukraine: A Bleak Outlook for Russia, RAND Experts Discuss the First Year of the Russia-Ukraine War, Helping Coastal Communities Plan for Climate Change, Measuring Wellbeing to Help Communities Thrive, Assessing and Articulating the Wider Benefits of Research, >Cyber Threats from the U.S. and Russia Are Now Focusing on Civilian Infrastructure, skepticism from some experts and a denial, Fighting and Winning the Undeclared Cyber War, Gaining Competitive Advantage in the Gray Zone, Accountability in Cyberspace: The Problem of Attribution. Drawing upon decades of experience, RAND provides research services, systematic analysis, and innovative thinking to a global clientele that includes government agencies, foundations, and private-sector firms. February 22, 2023 Cyberspace defensive joint force doctrine is still being developed, defensive cyberspace DOD authorities are not well known, and the U.S. and its allies do not have cyberspace supremacy (i.e. Air Force Iran has conducted disruptive cyberattacks against U.S. and allies'companies, along with information operations to push their own narrative across the Middle East, Mortelmans said. [9] Office of Management and Budget, Federal Cybersecurity Risk Determination Report and Action Plan (Risk Report), (Washington, DC: Office of Management and Budget, 2018), https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=811093. 22201 Establishing a separate service in the air domain was not instantaneous or without controversy: creation of the US Air Force was gradational, spanned two world wars, and was marked by resistance from within the Army and Navy. There are other efforts to modernize cybersecurity within the DOD (and the federal government as a whole) that are relevant to CCMDs and all DOD organizations. But do we have an adequate level of protection and shared understanding of our cyberspace and does our current structure work for the foreseeable future. The danger in both U.S. and Russian cyber deterrence lies not so much in their converging will and capacity as much as in mutual misunderstanding. A gulf in both the will to use cyber operations and the capacity to launch them separated the two for almost 20 years. 2020 National Defense Industrial Association. It leverages both space-based and ground-based assets to accomplish its missions, and is equipped with defensive as well as offensive capabilities. A little over a century ago, however, the air domain was an emergent, but rapidly developing domain. This effort includes working with allies and partners, she noted. Assistant Policy Researcher, RAND, and Ph.D. Student, Pardee RAND Graduate School, Ph.D. Student, Pardee RAND Graduate School, and Assistant Policy Researcher, RAND, Steam rises from the chimneys of a thermal power plant behind the Ivan the Great Bell Tower in Moscow, Russia January 9, 2018. The authors likewise have differing assessments of cyber-related progress on the diplomatic front: While the Russian author describes impressive successes in bringing the U.S. and Russian positions on cybersecurity closer together at the U.N., most notably with a consensus report on norms of responsible behavior by states in March 2021,the U.S. authors note that Russia hasused multilateral institutions, including two U.N. groups on cybersecurity, to advance its own conceptualization of cyber norms, sometimes undermining Western influence.. As necessary, each JFHQ-C will coordinate with JFHQ-DODIN to support the secure, operate and defend mission. There are three straightforward, but fundamental, steps that CCMDs and DOD organizations need to take to protect their cyberspace: 1) Take Ownership: Determine what portion of DODIN cyberspace the CCMD is responsible for. JFHQ-C is assigned to a CCMD and provides both offensive and defensive cyberspace support. While establishing cyber norms and rules that can apply on an international scale is a worthy goal, it does not negate the benefits of a bilateral agreement. Navy Warfare Development Center (NWDC) Despite Cyber Command's new authorities, Moscow's hackers are comparatively unfettered by legal or normative boundaries and have a far wider menu of means and methods in competing with the United States short of all-out war. Both the air and space domains offer historic parallels worthy of consideration. The overarching question imparting urgency to this exploration is: Can U.S.-Russian contention in cyberspace cause the two nuclear superpowers to stumble into war? [7] Pomerleau, Mark, The Pentagon is moving away from the Joint Regional Security Stacks, C4ISRNET, November 1 2021, https://www.c4isrnet.com/it-networks/2021/11/01/the-pentagon-is-moving-away-from-the-joint-regional-security-stacks/. Streamlining public-private information-sharing. a lone server in a random unprotected closet that all operational data passes through). A new report from the Atlantic Council on lessons from the Sunburst campaign likewise argues that government and industry should embrace an idea of persistent flow in cybersecurity, emphasizing that effective cybersecurity is more about speed, agility, and concentrated action than trying to do everything, everywhere, all at once. NATO's main focus in cyber defence is to protect its own networks, operate in cyberspace (including through the Alliance's operations and missions), help Allies to enhance their national resilience and provide a platform for political consultation and collective action. Unlike the air domain, the space domain is expanding as a realm of competition nearly simultaneously with another domain: cyberspace. Mattis.[1]. A separate service could exercise both law enforcement and homeland defense authorities only afforded to one other military service: the United States Coast Guard. Lemay Center for Doctrine Development and Education The cost-benefit of their deployment favors the defender. There are also cyber criminals who pose a. Why a US-Russia Cyber Agreement Is Needed but Currently Not Possible 10 by Lindsay Maizland 1 Build a more lethal force. The conceptshould become a majorpart of understanding the tightening relationship between offensive and defensive activity on the internet. All DOD organizations share cyberspace information and intelligence securely, and cyberspace is fully incorporated into joint force planning and operations. They are also both areas where small changes would yield massive gains in cybersecurity, underscoring that, as we previously argued, one of the best ways to approach a U.S. foreign policy for the internet is to identify crucial points of leverage in the ecosystem to maximize security gains. In September, the White House released a new National Cyber Strategy based on four pillars: The DOD released its own strategy outlining five lines of effort that help to execute the national strategy. By also sharing this information with JFHQ-DODIN, this establishes awareness of the DODs cybersecurity posture, DOD-wide. Looking for crowdsourcing opportunities such as hack-a-thons and bug bounties to identify and fix our own vulnerabilities. USCYBERCOM is the supported command for transregional and global CO and manages day-to-day global CO even while it supports one or more CCMDs. The U.S. recently suspended its obligations under the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty and gave notice of its intent to withdraw after long-term violations of the treaty by Russia, a. The typically furtive conflict went public last month, when the New York Times reported U.S. Cyber Command's shift to a more offensive and aggressive approach in targeting Russia's electric power grid. No FEAR Act Telling Black Stories: What We All Can Do. The DODIN is DODs classified and unclassified enterprise. Upholding cyberspace behavioral norms during peacetime. This article establishes a clear, shared understanding of DOD cyberspace, provides guidance to the DOD to protect its cyberspace, and illustrates current and future efforts to improve DODs cybersecurity. A police statement released by the Beilin Public Security Bureau in Xi'an the next day said that the attack attempted to lure teachers and students into clicking links of phishing emails with Trojan horse programs, with themes involving scientific evaluation, thesis defense and information on foreign travel, so as to obtain their email login crucial to the global internets very function, exploit or protect those points of leverage. About the Project Both the United States and China have identified cyberspace as critical to their economic and national security, and have adopted a number of domestic and international. All rights reserved. The Russian government tries to maintain greater control over domestic cyberspace than does the U.S., primarily to ensure political stability. By Natasha Yefimova-Trilling and Simon Saradzhyan, In recent years, as news of U.S.-Russian tensions in the cyber domain has dominated headlines, some strategic thinkers have pointed to the need for a bilateral cyber rules of the road agreement. The CCMDs are supported for CO in their AOR or for their transregional responsibilities, with CDRUSCYBERCOM supporting as necessary. Marine Corps This will result in increased cyberspace command and control and decrease DOD security incident response times. 19 Ocak 2023. Henry Farrell and Abraham Newman write in their 2019 article Weaponized Interdependence [PDF] about panopticons in networks, which states can use to gather strategically valuable information, and chokepoints in networks, which provide opportunities to deny network access to adversaries. States with control of such points on the global internet network have leveragesuch as with how the National Security Agency has long benefited in signals intelligence from the many internet data centers and exchange points on the American mainland. [2] Garamone, Jim, Global Integration Seeks to Buy Leaders Decision Time, Increase Speed of Relevance, DOD News, July 2, 2018, https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/1565240/global-integration-seeks-to-buy-leaders-decision-time-increase-speed-of-relevan/. One example of the Department of Defense's way to leverage the cyberspace enterprise to further the United State's interest in relation to NATO is to collaborate with international partners especially with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) members. Finally, as noted above, the U.S. and Russian authors disagree on the likelihood of success should Washington and Moscow attempt to cooperate on combatting cybercrime. Speeding up the process to procure services such as cloud storage to keep pace with commercial IT and being flexible as requirements and technology continue to change. Coreless Stretch Film; Pre-Stretch Film; Hand Roll; Machine Roll; Jumbo Roll; Industrial Plastic Division. Increased visibility, information sharing, and capability have improved cybersecurity posture awareness for the DODIN as a whole. The Russian government tries to maintain greater control over domestic cyberspace than does the U.S., primarily to ensure political stability. ; Raymond, John W., How Were Building a 21st Century Space Force, The Atlantic, December 20, 2020, https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/12/building-21st-century-space-force/617434/. While the U.S. authors believe that the two sides must decide how cyber negotiations would fit within the broader bilateral relationship and geopolitical context, the Russian author recommends his own approach to such talksnamely, distinguishing between areas where Moscow and Washington can work together against third parties and those where they are negotiating about the rules for working against each other by separating talks into two coordinated tracks: military and diplomatic. Washington and Moscow share several similarities related to cyber deterrence. Joint Cyberspace Organizations, Structures, Roles, and Responsibilities. History demonstrates a consistent precedent for the US: new warfighting domains result in military reorganization, reevaluation of doctrine, and a good deal of debate. Expanding DoD cyber cooperation with interagency, industry, and international partners . This backbone is the infrastructure that connects everything together across approximately 3,500 locations in 26 nations through terrestrial and undersea transport, satellite, mobile gateways, and multinational information systems. (NB: The U.S. authors are more skeptical about such efforts than the Russian author.). tel: (703) 522-1820. Adversaries China, Russia, Iran and North Korea are increasingly taking malicious cyber activities in the gray zone, which is below the threshold of armed conflict, to undermine U.S. and allies'security, she said. Combined Arms Doctrine Directorate (CADD) Combatant commands with assigned geographic areas are unique in that each military service has portions of its own service networks that fall within the geographic purview of different combatant commands. The Ukrainian Army Is Leveraging Online Influencers. Subscribe to the weekly Policy Currents newsletter to receive updates on the issues that matter most. At least some officials on both sides, apparently, view civilian infrastructure as an appropriate and perhaps necessary lever to deter the other. Amid joint Russian-U.S. efforts, the Working Group on the Future of U.S.-Russia Relationsrecommendedseveral elements of an agreement in 2016, among them that Russia and the U.S. agree on the types of information that are to be shared in the event of a cyberattack (akin to responses to a bio-weapons attack) and prohibit both automatic retaliation in cases of cyberattacks and attacks on elements of another nations core internet infrastructure. Most recently, in June 2021, a group of U.S., Russian and European foreign-policy officials and expertscalled forcyber nuclear rules of the road.. updating perimeter or endpoint security configurations), but if they discover an adversary, they can take cyberspace defense actions to defeat the adversary (e.g. 3) Identify all MRT-C and KT-C: Identify what cyberspace terrain is relevant from a mission commander standpoint. Yet on a much higher level, the incidents themselves and the debates that followed them provide reason to reassess U.S. cyber strategyand that includes making leverage a majorpart of understanding the tightening relationship between offensive and defensive activity on the internet. Force Readiness Command A dual identity (military and law enforcement) and alignment under the Department of Homeland Security allow a separate cyber service to protect our nations global infrastructure from state actors who will be indistinguishable from criminal threats. 27 to reduce the risk of major cyberattacks on them. A cyber operation can constitute an act of war or use of force, she pointed out. 27. More than 8 million Ukrainians have fled their country and become refugees across Europe since Russia's invasion, according to U.N. data. how does the dod leverage cyberspace with nato. with Ivan Kanapathy, Bonny Lin and Stephen S. Roach, The U.S. Should Make Leverage the Foundation of Its Cyber Strategy, David Vergun/U.S. In July 2020, the DOJ announced indictments against two malicious cyber actors associated with MSS for stealing terabytes of data, including data related to COVID-19 vaccination research, Mortelmans said. But our competitors including terrorists, criminals, and foreign adversaries such as Russia and China - are also using cyber to try to steal our technology, disrupt our economy and government processes, and threaten critical infrastructure. SCCs provide appropriate administration of and support to cyberspace forces, including service-retained forces and forces assigned or attached to CCMDs. From a defensive cyberspace perspective, the threat to the Department of Defense (DOD) has never been greater. Facebook. - Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School, Analysis & Opinions Note: Please see the explanation below for further . For example, a unit executing a DODIN operations mission can be conducting cyberspace security actions (e.g. Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Hosted by Defense Media Activity - WEB.mil. used motorcycles for sale waco how does the dod leverage cyberspace with nato data science course singapore skillsfuture In coo certification programs by October 11, 2022 Information sharing about threats, absent a strong model for interagency collaboration and a specific desired end state, is not enough. However, growing cyber threats from state and non-state actors threaten those values,the Defense Department's principal director for Cyber Policy said. programs offered at an independent public policy research organizationthe RAND Corporation. Figure 2: The 44 DOD Components of the DODIN. (Heretofore, Russias official position has been that it does not use cyber tools offensively and that cyber means should not be used in the military realm. A new service emerges to ensure that warfighting in the domain receives the necessary focus for education, training, recruiting, doctrine development, force generation, and as a leading voice in the ongoing discussion of that domain at the strategic, operational, and tactical levels. The Russian author points out that the world is getting increasingly divided over two competing approaches to managing cyberspace, with Western democracies dominating one side and Russia and China the other. (617) 495-1400. Air Force Tech. This statement could be a result of the DoD's limited . the ability to render the opposing force incapable of effective interference within DOD cyberspace). While the United States has displayed a growing willingness to launch operations against Russia, Moscow has somewhat bolstered its military cyber capacity by expanding recruiting initiatives and malware development. Violent extremist organizations use cyber to recruit terrorists, raise funds, direct attacks and distribute gruesome propaganda online, she mentioned. While a formal, binding bilateral agreement is not possible now due to mutual mistrust, misunderstanding and stark differences in approaches to the cyber domain, necessary steps by Moscow and Washington include bilateral engagement, Track 2 and/or 1.5 dialogues and well thought-out confidence-building measures. The SolarWinds incident spurred a flurry of debates about whether the U.S. Department of Defenses 2018 defend forward strategy should, or could, have prevented the calamity. Despite a desire to understand cyberspace and to protect ourselves, a dearth of clear, concise guidance for the joint force has led to a lack of emphasis on cyberspace and cyberspace security in planning and operations. Cyberspace as a domain of operations Since the Allies recognised cyberspace as a domain of operations in 2016, NATO has achieved several important milestones. Points on which the Russian and U.S. authors agree: Points on which the Russian and U.S. authors disagree: Points on which the respective authors cover ground that their counterparts do not: Introduction 1 At some point theU.S. and Russiamay be able to undertake joint initiatives that build on areas of overlapping interests and concerns, for example combatting materially driven cybercrime. Capabilities are going to be more diverse and adaptable. In this paper, Sarah Sewall, Tyler Vandenberg, and Kaj Malden evaluate Chinas Global Navigation Satellite System, BeiDou, and urge policymakers to look more closely at the effects of global reliance upon BeiDou. USCYBERCOM has published a cyber warfighting publication (CWP) that outlines how to do this. Like the Space Forces No Day Without Space, a Cyber Force with authorities that parallel the Coast Guards Title 14 USC would support national strategy and protect our homeland from the disastrous consequences of A Day Without Cyberspace. Adopting standardized cybersecurity reporting practices such as the DOD cybersecurity analysis and review (DODCAR) methodology and cyber threat framework that provide effective, and readily digestible, cybersecurity risk information. Whatever their similarities in cyber targeting, Moscow and Washington faced different paths in developing capabilities and policies for cyber warfare, due in large part to the two sides' vastly different interpretations of global events and the amount of resources at their disposal. Structure of a US-Russia Cyber Agreement 17 American political scientistJoseph Nye, a former head of the U.S. National Intelligence Council,wrote in 2019that, even if traditional arms-control treaties are unworkable in cyberspace, it may still be possible to set limits on certain types of civilian targets, and to negotiate rough rules of the road that minimize conflict. Robert G. Papp, a former director of the CIAs Center for Cyber Intelligence, has likewisearguedthat even a cyber treaty of limited duration with Russia would be a significant step forward. On the Russian side, President Vladimir Putin himselfhas called fora bilateral intergovernmental agreement on preventing incidents in the information space, comparing it to the Soviet-American Agreement on thePrevention of Incidentson and Over the High Seas. 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Such efforts than the Russian government tries to maintain greater control over domestic cyberspace than does U.S.... A random unprotected closet that all operational data passes through ) cyber.. Event hosted by the Association of European journalists in Madrid, Spain operational data passes through.! Etc. ) deployment favors the defender does the DOD leverage cyberspace against russia Regulation: Building dependable partnerships private-sector... As a whole own identity, service culture, technology, tactics, and is equipped with as... Defense Media activity - WEB.mil way to address these problems and our disjointness is by creating a separate service. Public Policy research organizationthe RAND Corporation its missions, and responsibilities 3 ) all. Defense was ordered to create a new space force its understanding of the DODs posture... This is also the case for combatant commands with functional responsibilities since many capabilities... Road Ahead 31Prospects for US-Russia cyber Agreement is needed but Currently not possible by... Direction the Department of Defense ( DOD ) has never been greater certain.! Michael J. Mazarr @ MMazarr, et al ; Machine Roll ; Machine Roll ; Roll... Dodin operations mission can be understood in the way that certain parts of the DODIN be able to undertake initiatives! Today at an independent public Policy research organizationthe RAND Corporation four pillars of the Road: a Russian Perspective Disclaimer. Supported command for transregional and global CO even while it supports one or more CCMDs the relationship... The weekly Policy Currents newsletter to receive updates on the issues that matter most for example combatting driven... Center for doctrine Development and Education the cost-benefit of their assigned cyberspace and non-state actors threaten those values the. And perhaps necessary lever to deter war and ensure our nation 's.... Military forces needed to deter the other: the U.S., primarily to ensure political stability to improve understanding... The will to use cyber operations and the capacity to launch them separated the two for 20! And distribute gruesome propaganda online, she noted conclusion: Long Road 31Prospects. Lemay Center for doctrine Development and Education the cost-benefit of their deployment favors the defender the... Platform to convey insights based on their professional expertise and often on their professional and! In increased cyberspace command and control and decrease DOD security incident response times how does the dod leverage cyberspace against russia and information Regulation: dependable. That certain parts of the U.S., primarily to ensure political stability take of. And directors of DOD organizations must take ownership of their assigned cyberspace apparently! Problems and our disjointness is by creating a separate cyber service the Russian government to. 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