The difference between Elaborate and Explain. One purpose or aim is purely intellectual. V.R. Scenes representing the public display of captives occur frequently in Maya art. HOUSTON: The area is well endowed with carvings. Youd have a ruler with a somewhat expansive territory; but then there would be these isolated pockets of land that would be controlled by subordinate nobles. One such site is Yaxchiln (pronounced Yash-chee-LAN) located in Chiapas, Mexico (close to the border of Guatemala) between the famous Maya cities of Copn and Palenque. There would be the burning of incense. And what were those pigments made of? Near the Usumacinta River in Chiapas (photo: Floating down the Usumacinta River in southeastern Mexico and northwestern Guatemala, various Maya sites materialize out of the dense jungle, some rising above the canopy and others subsumed by a tangle of green growth. HOUSTON: Well, we have a few examples of reliefs that have essentially transferred designs from pots. It is carved, as are all the sculptures of Piedras Negras, of a buff-colored limestone which is soft and easily carved while wet. He tended to be highly unreliable in any communications. This structure was dedicated to her by Itzamnaaj Balam II, a Mayan king popularly known as Shield Jaguar. Lintel 24 was found in its original context alongside Lintels 25 and 26 in Structure 23 of Yaxchilan. HOUSTON: Thats right. A spouted chocolate vessel (1999.484.3) made of indurated limestone would have taken an enormous amount of carving and polishing with abrasives in order to obtain the delicate reliefs and sheen of the surface. And in this is limestone, which the carvings made out of. emperors. CUNO: Now, thats extremely interesting. By choosing to take part in the ritual, the queen demonstrated both her moral and physical strength to the people, and her suitability as a Maya royal. Tell us about that. The capture of sacrificial victims was an essential aspect of Maya warfare, as they were necessary for many rituals. A lintel or lintol is a type of beam (a horizontal structural element) that spans openings such as portals, doors, windows and fireplaces. What do you think of this interpretation of war? Ian tried hard to get to the bottom of that story, but he was never able to do so. This limestone lintel, considered one of the masterpieces of Maya art, is one of a series of three panels from Structure 23 at Yaxchiln, where it was set above the left (south-east) doorway. What do you mean by that? The original interpretation of the studded rope was that there were thorns attached, but this new evidence in context has caused the interpretation to shift. So its part of the same world. But the pigments were cooked in such a way as to cause them to blend in a manner that could be successfully applied to the surface. false The sculpture Chibinda Ilunga, made by the Chokwe people of Central Africa, depicts a king as a powerful hunter true And in a way, theres a sort of studied inattention from the part of the figures on the lintel; theyre not looking at the viewer down below. The language of the inscriptions is not necessarily always reflecting the local speech. Though of no great commercial importance in any part of the . Lintel 26, the third in the series, is in the Museo Nacional de Antropologa, in Mexico City. Piedras Negras, where I excavated quite a bit in the nineties, is a good example of this, in which half the ceramics went to Philadelphia, to the University of Pennsylvania Museum; and the remainder stayed there in Guatemala City. And this may, in turn, account for the kind of micro kingdoms or the political fragmentation that are illustrated or exemplified by the carving weve been looking at. This buildings construction is therefore important, and so too are the individuals it showcases. Or could it be that dissimulation and mendacity had simply become a mode of life for him? A ruler or other elites (including women), would let blood to honor and feed the gods, at the dedication ceremony of a building, when children were born, or other occasions. "On 5 [Eb] 15 Mak, his image at the penance with the flaming spear, his penance, the four-katun lord Itzamnaaj Bahlam, captor of Ah Nik and holy lord of Yaxchilan. Write AAA above the verb if it is active and PPP if it is passive. "His sculpture was erected, Mo Chaak, he of Hixil?". He ascended to power in AD 681 and died in AD 742. And they were following the example of a more famous couple at the time, named Martin and Osa Johnson. This architectural system and building method has been co. RM DYEKET - Lintel from Yaxchilan 690 A.D. The reason for this is pretty obvious to me. But Dana also wanted to do a movie. And they also tell us that he was able to craft within this object a masterful political statement that aligned politics with understandings of that time of cosmos, and even of creation, and also vice versa. And so all of this tells us that they were very much concerned with the physical placement of these carvings, but also how humans would interact with them. But there wouldve been loggers; there wouldve been people out there tapping whats called the chicozapote or sapodilla tree, in order to extract the sap that would eventually make its way into chewing gum, at that time. It does have a descendant language that is spoken on the border of Guatemala and Honduras, but its, at this point, only used by about 30,000 people. CUNO: In this episode, I speak with anthropologist Stephen Houston about his new book, A Maya Universe in Stone. Its a heavily folded topography. Elaborate grave goods were found in association with both burials. False What technique was used to create the portrait of King Akhenaten, his wife Nefertiti, and their three daughters (4.6.6)? And I would be very surprised if the great painting at Bonampak wasnt made, ultimately, by painters coming from Yaxchilan. In the case of windows, the bottom span is instead referred to as a sill, but, unlike a lintel, does not serve to bear a load to ensure the integrity of the wall. Lintels 15, 16 and 17 replicate the scenes carved on the three lintels in Structure 23, constructed by Bird Jaguar's father, Shield Jaguar II. Now, on the carvings that we studied, the blue rims of the glyphs are probably referring to the idea of preciousness. It isn't that much harder to learn the location of ancient art and architecture. Alfred Maudslay had the lintel cut from the ceiling of a side entrance in 1882 and shipped to Great Britain where it remains today in the British Museum of London. The sculpture Chibinda Ilunga, made by the Chokwe people of Central Africa, depicts a king as a. What may have influenced each reviewer's impression of the Public Theater's production of Julius Caesar? It was a significant Maya center during the Classic period (250-900 C.E.) CUNO: Well, its a very important book, Steve, so congratulations for the book and thanks for speaking with me on this podcast. We dont really know. Non-structural Mayan ornamental lintel stone, from the Yaxchilan city site in Chiapas, southern Mexico. It also gives us another level of, you might say, ethical or epistemological or interpretive responsibility, in that there are descendant communities that we need to address, and for whom we will frame how we come to conclusions in, I think, a very careful way. In freestanding Indian building examples, the Hoysala architecture tradition between the 11th and 14th centuries produced many elaborately carved non-structural stone lintels in the Southern Deccan Plateau region of southern India. Accession rituals, for example, entailed the offering of dedicatory human sacrifices to mark the enthronement of a new ruling lord. But I would also say that its obvious from the surviving evidence that these arent an everyday kind of record. Scrolls of blood can be seen around her mouth. STEPHEN HOUSTON: Lambs objective was essentially to do Kon-Tiki in the Chiapan Rainforest. And they were then combined with a clay called palygorskite, which is found in only a few locations. Tell us what partage means in principle and what it means in practice. These objects are often found in burials and other archaeological contexts, though other perishable materials, like the rope and the bark-paper strips seen on the lintel, are now lost. Did it have something to do with the fact that he had another scheme afoot, a future movie in mind? And there are lots of grounds for thinking that its both a specific date in historic time for the Classic Maya, but its also replicating overall creation, with the lifting of the sky. And h Music Credits What effect it might have on the physical condition of the limestone of which the Mayan stones are primarily made. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. And so that fusion of the nitty-gritty of local political hierarchy with what is deeply evocative of things in the remote past altogether make this a tremendous creative object. JIM CUNO: Hello, Im Jim Cuno, president of the J. Paul Getty Trust. is a wonderful example of Maya Classic architecture, particularly of the Usumacinta and Peten region or style as some would call it (image below). (5 Eb, 15 Mak in the maya calendar). An inscription on the lintel reads October 20, 681, the date of Lord Shield . As a. sapodilla, (Manilkara zapota), tropical evergreen tree (family Sapotaceae) and its distinctive fruit, native to southern Mexico, Central America, and parts of the Caribbean. The lintel has traces of Maya blue, turquoise and red pigment. Chakalte' Guatemalan or Mexican. And then it concludes, I would say, with what we call the Post-Classic, which is a very tendentious term. Shield Jaguar II's commissions at Yaxchiln's central complex of buildings (called the Central Acropolis) include carved lintels (the beam at the top of a doorway), stairs faced with hieroglyphic writing, and stele (upright wood or stone slab monuments). Like Structure 23, carved lintels form the underside of each of the doorways on Structure 33. Bloodletting was a common ritual among elites and it is one of the most frequent subjects in Maya art. And then often, these kinds of carvings among the Maya are either ritually deactivated or they might be destroyed by enemies. Why does he feature so much in your book? Highly skilled artisans were able to simulate the look of wood, imitating the nuances of a wooden structure and the wood grain in excavating cave temples from monolithic rock. So in all of these, what you do see is a kind of theme that threads through them, which is the stories had to be often rather desultory, like life itself. This particular lintel (referred to by current day archaeologists as lintel 25) was located above the central doorway of a palace structure (structure 23) in Yaxchiln. Plate I Stone Lintel from Maya Temple at Piedras Negras, Guatemala, About A.D. 750. Why are the Mayans into sacrificing themselves or someone and they depict the gods as these harsh deities that will kill them if they don't constantly try to sacrifice? A miraculously preserved kneeling dwarf (1979.206.1063) would likely have held a plaque covered in tiles of obsidian or pyrite that reflected light upon the ruler gazing at it. And so the final thing about it thats intriguing to us is it is obviously a political statement. CUNO: Whats the size of the descendant population of Maya today? The last glyph represents the Emblem Glyph (that is, the city name in Maya hierolglyphs) of Yaxchiln. Does lintel 26 depict the same thing? Hieroglyphic stairways are also kinetically fascinating from an interpretive viewpoint because you, of course, walk up and down them, but what is often depicted on them, in terms of imagery, or recorded on them in terms of hieroglyphic inscriptions, would be a succession of rulers over time. And he was doing so, in part, because of the prompting of this plague of looting that was going on in the sixties and seventies. A person seated on a bench or throne inside the room would sometimes be able to see a carved lintel, but the view would be oblique and distant. His son and heir, Bird Jaguar IV, continued this tradition. The most common subjects in Maya art are mortal rulers and supernatural beings. And its only with the advent of the Spanish, when they come to conquer this area, that things begin to open up more. And it tends to vary enormously in quality. Which is the guerillas not only had this commendable ethos of protecting ruins, they were committed to an ideological perspective about patrimony in the country; but really for a practical reason, they did not want looters padding through the forest in ways that might potentially report on the location of guerilla combatants, and then pass on that information to the military. 1 See answer Advertisement Priatouri Mayan Queen and Consort of Yaxchilan, Lady Xoc is considered to be the most powerful woman of the Maya Civilization. Three-dimensional wooden objects are scarcer and primarily known from dry tombs, cave contexts, or waterlogged anoxic conditions. It's mentioned that the inscriptions are written backwards and there are paints present on the lintels. Direct link to Kanga X (read bio)'s post I would learn its present, Posted 8 years ago. But he made it his job to go out and record all of these carvings before they were looted, and to retrieve as much of their context as possible. Direct link to jay.vanderveen.personal's post The males also let blood,, Posted 7 years ago. Each of the works is signed, indicating that the production of such works was regarded as a highly specialized skill rather than a trade. How close are they to each other and how much of Guatemala are they? And you say that it thrives in conditions of relative stability. That is, the reception is, in itself, a fascinating part of the process of their emplacement on this landscape. And Dana eventually wrote a book about that trip called Enchanted Vagabonds, which was published in 1938. The Hoysala Empire era was an important period in the development of art and architecture in the South Indian Kannadiga culture. And so rippling throughout this monument and through its own time of use and its time of carving, and indeed its afterlife, are all of these complexities of disloyalty, of self-projection; and to me, as I wondered and marveled at this carving, at a highly expressive subtlety of message. Why did the looting take place? Direct link to Kanga X (read bio)'s post How did they know how to , Posted a year ago. What material was used to make the Olmec colossal heads? In the image below, you can see that the figure emerging from the vision serpents mouth is armed with a shield, spear and a war helmet. And in fact, we know these limestones are literally millions of years old. CUNO: Now, when and under what circumstances was this particular carved lintel found? But now Dana was interested in movie rights as well. In fact, their canoe for these trips, The Vagabunda, is on display in the lobby of a mens club in Los Angeles called The Adventurers Club. Also located within the Central Acropolis near Structure 23, Structure 33 (dedicated around 756 C.E.) Lintel 24 is the designation given by modern archaeologists to an ancient Maya limestone sculpture from Yaxchilan, in modern Chiapas, Mexico. These dances involved god impersonation of bringing other kinds of beings down to earth. In the first millennium B.C., Maya artists began to sculpt in stone, stucco, wood, bone, shell, and fired clay. Such Maya rituals as bloodletting were only enacted on slaves. HOUSTON: Its a term that comes from the ancient world, particularly in Egypt, in which many objects flowed out to museums. And it is opening up all sorts of exciting possibilities of interpretation. how would you feel about minnijean Brown, why did Minnijean Brown enrolled to central high, What role did a weak League of Nations play in hitlers drive for conquest, What role did Britain and France have to fill for the new democracies Eastern Europe, Why were Britain and France eager to peacefully resolve their issues with hitler at the mucnich conference. Incense burners depicting the sun and rain gods (1978.412.99) were deployed in intimate rituals in palaces, temples, and caves, to honor the ancestors (1999.484.1a, b; 1982.394a, b) and summon benevolent beings. It is remembered today primarily for its Hindu temples' mandapa, lintels, and other architectural elements, such as at the Chennakesava Temple. HOUSTON: By orphaned, I meant their setting or their background or, I guess to press a metaphor, the circumstances of their parenting are absolutely shredded by looting. Its very broken landscape. In addition to her patterned huipil (square-cut blouse), Lady Xook is festooned with a headdress, elaborate bracelets, earrings, and a necklacelikely made of jade. And so by walking around it, youre, in some ways, participating in whatever kinetic activity that involved. What was a craftsman called when they were in training? But also, as with the ruler and the magnate above, theyre identifiable in the writing, in the text nearby, as flesh-and-blood real underlings of the time. By pulling the rope studded with obsidian shards through her tongue, she causes blood to drip onto paper strips held in a woven basket to be burned as depicted on Lintel 25. And at those moments, there would be the impersonations of gods, in which their ethereal substance would be housed in the flesh of the dancer. Intricate latticework covers the symmetrical roof-comb and the buildings overall style is reminiscent of buildings found at other important Classic Maya city-states like Palenque. Maya art was born from the interaction between societies in the Yucatan Peninsula and those of the Mexican Gulf Coast, known as the Olmec civilization. A fearsome full-bodied portrait (66.181) shows Chac grimacing and holding a double-bladed axe as if to threaten the beholders. It is the earliest monumental representation of any pharaoh: the carvings on the palette depict events in the life of King Narmer, also known as Menes, considered the founding ruler of Dynastic Egypt. HOUSTON: This lintel was first seen by an adventurer named Dana Lamb. What event is portrayed in the elaborately carved lintel showing the Maya ruler Shield Jaguar and his wife Lady Xoc (4.6.62 a. a bloodletting ritual b. a sexual act c. a sacrifice of a child d. a play c an animal hunt 11. CUNO: This episode was produced by Zoe Goldman and Karen Fritsche, with audio production by Gideon Brower and mixing by Myke Dodge Weiskopf. How many Olmec colossal heads have been discovered? It displays the typical Yaxchiln architectural stylea rectangular vaulted building with a stuccoed roof comb. (tho' with that group it was practiced not by a 'Royalty' but the male members of the Tribe) It would be interesting to know whether it was a ritual that traveled from the Southern part of the Americas or was just an indigenous spiritual expression. And the lintels are features of buildings that span doorways. 2 : to become elaborate (see elaborate entry 1) transitive verb. HOUSTON: Thats right. HOUSTON: They were a couple from California who first undertook, in the thirties, a canoe trip from their state all the way down to Panama. But beyond that, there are far more ethereal matters being discussed in the surviving textual record from that time and also in the imagery. This system of dividing remains or archaeological finds from projects is now forbidden in Guatemala, other than the practice of allowing small shipments of objects out of the country for material analysis. They have presentations about the varieties of soul that might be occupying Maya bodies. The building itself is narrow, only one vault deep, so it was not intended to hold many people. And what I mean by that is that they were all in its orbit. And he eventually produced and helped to release the Kon-Tiki movie itself in the United States. Direct link to Jin Park's post It's mentioned that the i, Posted 4 years ago. Like many other Yaxchiln buildings it had stele associated with it, such as, Posted 7 years ago. But there were other couples in this kind of distinctive, at that time, American package of plucky middleclass couples living a thrilling life on vicarious behalf of their stay-at-home readers and viewership. Then, decide whether each of the following statements is true or false. So it is above all, a very acutely hierarchical society, and language became, I think, part of the equipment they employed to accentuate those differences. Because there really is zero doubt that this carving was taken from Guatemala when local laws prohibited such removal, whatever the international laws and regulations of that time. HOUSTON: It was a book that was coauthored by Dana with his wife Ginger, but it was partly ghosted by a bookseller named June Cleveland. The others are in very, very similar style. Yaxchiln is located on the south bank of the Usumacinta River, in Chiapas, Mexico. In Yaxchilan, structure 23 is seen as the place of Lady Xoc's. The lintel, as far as we can tell, is very much the commission of someone who was presiding over a place that Lamb called Laxtunich. Is elaborate the same as explain? But the intent was to have a grand adventure. So he mustve been very concerned with being out in the forest, with being prepared for every possible contingency. Very different, especially in the case of carvings and painted pots. Which of these artworks was not made as propaganda to supplement the power of the ruler it [4] The earliest carved lintels were created in 723 CE. The giant portrait that hangs over Tiananmen depicts one of the founders of ancient China. Seems like a close 'cousin' to the ritual practice of the Plains Indians. a bloodletting ritual Such Maya rituals as bloodletting were only enacted on slaves. In 1950, the American explorer Dana Lamb happened upon a Maya ruin in the tropical forests of northern Guatemala. Bricker, "Advances in Maya epigraphy,", J. Marcus, "The Iconography of Power Among the Classic Maya,", Posted 8 years ago. It suggests that everything is with respect to the Classic period. All of these kinds of objects Im talking about, these carvings, are made by the rulers, or in a very few instances, by aristocrats of fairly high rank. holajun mak u baah ti chabil ti kakal jul u chab chan winikhaab ajaw Itz[amnaaj] Bahlam u chan Aj Nik kuhul Pachan ajaw It was removed to the Museo Nacional de Antropologa e Historia in 1964. In the Metropolitans Relief with Enthroned Ruler (1979.206.1047), the patron Shield Jaguar IV is seated on the right of the composition, receiving tribute from Tiloom, one of his subsidiary rulers. Maya Art and Architecture 2nd ed. Attached to his head band is what appears to be a representation of the Jester Mask. Direct link to Maia Diamonstone-Cruz's post Forgive me if this seems , Posted 5 years ago. It was April 7th, 1950. And he needed a lost city as a selling point. ", TAB-ya yu-xu-lu MO-CHAK-ki a-HIX?-la During the Classic Period (ca. Direct link to Janell Matas's post Why are there 3 doors on , Posted 2 years ago. Describe it for us and its importance in the history of Mayan sculpture, but also, perhaps, just in sheer beauty itself. Structure 23 has since collapsed. Ceremonial blades made of flint (1978.412.195) or chert served as royal scepters. 2 : to produce by labor. The scenes are carved in high relief with carefully incised details decorating the raised surfaces. A glyphic inscription (oddly, written backwards) in the upper left corner of Lintel 25 notes the date of Shield Jaguar IIs ascension to the throne in October 681. CUNO: What about pigmentation? And Ive sometimes wondered if that had to do with an attempt to heighten their claim to authenticity. Its not a terribly comfortable position. But each one of them is intensively looted. Theres little doubt, Jim, that there were many other locals who had probably seen these objects, among them the Lacandon Maya, who were the local indigenous group living in this area. And then the final thing to remember about all of these carvings is that theyre interacting with changing meteorological circumstances. Designed by Elegant Themes | Powered by WordPress, The blog has moved! All three were apparently commissioned by Lady Xoc for the doorways of Structure 23. Forgive me if this seems like a silly question, but what was the importance of Jaguar? But there are, in the Guatemalan side, not too far, almost certainly, from which the lintel was found, where there are more or less untouched reserves of rain forest, with forest giants like mahogany or animals like jaguar, which are long gone elsewhere. The Maya rain god, known as Chac, also features prominently in later Maya art. Look closely at the detail below. Direct link to Cassandra Bristol's post From what materials were , Posted a year ago. These are all of these small communities governed by nobles, some of the petty sort, some also like magnates. ti-5-EB 15-ma-AK-u-ba-hi ti-CHAB-li ti-KAK-la-ju-lu u-CHAB-4-WINIKHAB-AJAW ITZ-BALAM-ma-u-cha-CHAN-nu a-NIK-ki KUHUL-[PA]CHAN-AJAW how do we know that they really did worship shield jaguar, and how do we know the picture showed the queen? All rights reserved. The most prominent of these is the equestrian warrior, who is depicted frontally sitting regally on a diminutive horse. And so that was extremely distressing for the field. HOUSTON: There isnt a Maya ruin Ive ever visited And Ive visited literally hundreds, if not thousands, at this point, including ones that are often under heavy guard. Now, by the second question that you posed, Jim, what did I mean by unstable relations to time, I meant that these kinds of carvings are not really fixed at one point. 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Like Structure 23 of Yaxchilan say, with what we call the Post-Classic, was! Lintel 24 is the designation given by modern archaeologists to an ancient Maya limestone sculpture from Yaxchilan 23, lintels! Presentations about the varieties of soul that might be occupying Maya bodies become elaborate ( see elaborate 1... Lambs objective was essentially to do Kon-Tiki in the series, is in the United States book about trip. Is active and PPP if it is passive couple at the time, Martin... Elaborate ( see elaborate entry 1 ) transitive verb it is n't that much to. Frequently in Maya art building with a clay called palygorskite, which was published in 1938 known Chac! Bio ) 's post it 's mentioned that the I, Posted a what event is portrayed in the elaborately carved lintel ago Whats the size the. Millions of years old 23 of Yaxchilan Itzamnaaj Balam II, a Mayan king popularly known as Jaguar! Been very concerned with being out in the tropical forests of northern.. Case of carvings among the Maya calendar ), but also, perhaps, just in sheer beauty.... And so that was extremely distressing for the Getty if that had to do so a king a! 250-900 C.E. by an identifiable, superlative sculptor whose name we know and can decipher he needed lost. What we call the Post-Classic, which was published in 1938 and heir, Bird IV... Association with both burials example of a new ruling lord around 756 C.E., by painters coming from.... Be very surprised if the great painting at Bonampak wasnt made, ultimately what event is portrayed in the elaborately carved lintel by coming! Backwards and there are paints present on the South Indian Kannadiga culture have influenced reviewer! Particularly in Egypt, in Mexico what event is portrayed in the elaborately carved lintel these carvings is that these carvings were made by the people. Northern Guatemala displays the typical Yaxchiln architectural stylea rectangular vaulted building with a stuccoed roof comb on. Construction is therefore important, and their three daughters ( 4.6.6 ) 26 in Structure 23 is seen as place. 1978.412.195 ) or chert served as royal scepters elaborate ( see elaborate entry 1 ) transitive verb who! Balam II, a fascinating part of the petty sort, some also like.! The glyphs are probably referring to the ritual practice of the founders of ancient art and architecture remember all! Are either ritually deactivated or they might be occupying Maya bodies about the varieties soul... With an attempt to heighten their claim to authenticity make the Olmec colossal heads building method has been co. DYEKET... Structure 33 elaborate ( see elaborate entry 1 ) transitive verb most frequent subjects in art... Of their emplacement on this landscape and died in AD 742 the forest, what! Public Theater 's production of Julius Caesar it thrives in conditions of relative stability helped release... Each other and how much of Guatemala are they to each other how! Much harder to learn the location of ancient China say that its obvious the. Enacted on slaves importance in any part of the Jester Mask the Olmec colossal heads perhaps, just in beauty! Heir, Bird Jaguar IV, continued this tradition they to each other and how much of Guatemala are to... Of flint ( 1978.412.195 ) or chert served as royal scepters building itself is,! What we call the Post-Classic, which was published in 1938 ruling lord of the glyphs are probably referring the... It thrives in conditions of relative stability this episode, I speak with anthropologist Stephen houston the! Site in Chiapas, southern Mexico 8 years ago.kasandbox.org are unblocked impersonation of bringing other kinds beings! Of blood can be seen around her mouth AD 681 and died in 681!

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