[16] See The National Archives Arthur Evarts Kimberly and the Allied Translator and Interpreter Sections Document Restoration Sub-Section, 1944-1945.. 99-108 (Japanese Place Names-Philippines). Over 120 of these Research Reports were published. Thousands perished from starvation and disease; the commanding general, Horii, was drowned. The US Navy had similar language programs. In many instances these organizations were staffed with translators trained in military and naval language schools in the United States. [17], After this failure, the Japanese decided on a longer term, two-pronged assault for their next attempt on Port Moresby. By December 27, 1942, 1,100 Japanese documents had been received at the Advanced Land Headquarters, Brisbane, from the New Guinea area. The westernmost island of this group, Goodenough, had been occupied in August 1942 by 353 stranded troops from bombed Japanese landing craft. 84 dealt with The Japanese and Bacterial Warfare. Neither Kitazono nor Endo had been able to prepare a comprehensive defensive plan, and in any event had neither the men nor the resources to carry it out. ", Samuel Eliot Morison, Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier, p. 60, planes and PTs went about the sickening business of killing survivors in boats, rafts or wreckage. [48][49], Meanwhile, at Humboldt Bay Rear Admiral William M. Fechteler's Central Attack Group carrying the U.S. 41st Division also achieved complete surprise, coming ashore at two beaches: White 1, about 2.5 miles (4.0km) south of Hollandia, and White 2 on a narrow sandspit near Cape Tjeweri at the entrance to Jautefa Bay, and about 4 miles (6.4km) from Lake Sentani. Publication No. Also that summer, the 441st CIC unit established a clinical laboratory, which, among other things, restored charred documents. Tweet. [12] General Headquarters South West Pacific Area Operational Instruction No.7 of 25 May 1942, issued by Commander-Allied-Forces, General Douglas MacArthur, placed all Australian and US Army, Air Force and Navy Forces in the Port Moresby Area under the control of New Guinea Force. Possibly the most important translations published by the 6th Army ATIS Advanced Echelon in February 1945, were files of orders of the Japanese 58th Independent Mixed Brigade. The loss of Hollandia made the Japanese strategic defense line at Wakde, to the west, and all Japanese positions to the east untenable. [4] See The Beginnings of the United States Armys Japanese Language Training: From the Presidio of San Francisco to Camp Savage, Minnesota 1941-1942,. [8] ICPOAs first officer in charge was Cmdr. Among their functions was to collect and study captured enemy documents. Operation Reckless, the invasion of Hollandia and Aitape of 22-27 April 1944, was one of the most dramatic leapfrogging operations during the New Guinea campaign, and saw American forces bypass the strong Japanese bases at Wewak and Hansa Bay and capture key bases for MacArthur's planned return to the Philippines. [34][35] During the same period, American air and naval forces sank many of the Japanese ships which were attempting to transport reinforcements to the Hollandia and Wewak areas; these attacks were guided by intelligence gained from breaking the Japanese codes. 37, No. On 10 January 1942, during the Dutch East Indies Campaign, Japanese forces invaded the Dutch East Indies as part of the Pacific War. 72 (formerly ATIS Information Bulletin No. The following month at least 20 fighters were lost in combat, while eight were destroyed in July. 16 dealt with interrogation of captured American B-24 air crews; No. Base ATIS received a document in March 1945 giving a complete record of the Japanese monitoring of Allied radio communications in the Philippine Islands during the period from October 1942 to December 1943. [6] The Joint Chiefs of Staff also directed the United States Pacific Fleet to assign aircraft carriers to provide air support for the landings. Beleaguered, the survivors of the Japanese garrison were evacuated by submarine on the night of 26 October. [16] That summer a Document Restoration Sub-Section, staffed by six WACs (Womens Army Corps), including one officer, was established. CIC personnel were constantly engaged in providing lectures to soldiers about the importance of captured Japanese documents. According to Morison, the Japanese "never again risked a transport larger than a small coaster or barge in waters shadowed by American planes. [18]. Twelve of these were scheduled to be produced, beginning in March 1943. To demonstrate the seriousness of the effort to the Supreme War Council, multiple shifts of high-ranking personnel were also effected: Both Yamamoto and Ozawa moved their headquarters to Rabaul; and Eighth Fleet commander Vice Admiral Gunichi Mikawa as well as General Imamura's chief of staff were sent to Tokyo with advice and explanations for the respective General Staffs (Admiral Tomoshige Samejima replaced Mikawa as Eight Fleet commander). The inventory provided a complete listing of specific weapons, their condition and number in stock, storage locations, and place of manufacture. At wars end it moved to Tokyo. Lieut. In early January 1943, Japanese documents taken from the body of a sniper killed near Soputa, New Guinea, revealed the entire standing operating procedure of the Japanese in that area. Document numbers and a brief description including authority, title, date, area of reference and similar essential data were set forth under seventeen headings, such as 1) Diaries, Field; 5) Letters, Postcards; and 16) Technical Documents. [11] Adachi continued to plan to make a last stand at Hollandia if he was defeated at Hansa Bay. Thompson sub machine-guns jammed with the gritty mud and were unreliable in the humid atmosphere ", John Vader, New Guinea: The Tide Is Stemmed, pp. It was not just ATIS that was engaged in captured Japanese records operations. During July and August 1944 the Japanese 18th Army, based on Wewak, mounted an attack on Aitape, employing more than 20,000 troops in the forward area. First, they had woefully underestimated the strength of the Allied air forces. Red 2 beach was found to be highly unsuitable and the promised roads were non-existent. In early 1945, in the vicinity of Bhamo in northern Burma, CIC CIT No. Seven LSTs were also assigned. [2] SEATIC was part of the South East Asia Command, established at New Delhi, India in November 1943 and moved to Kandy, Ceylon, on April 15, 1944. White 1 would be the main landing, as it provided the only spot where the larger LSTs could land, while White 2 would be secured with smaller LVTs and DUKWs, which would be used to cross the shallow entrance to Jautefa Bay. Coming from battle fields, crashed aircraft, graves, sunken ships and foxholes, many of them torn, defaced, water-soaked, soiled and charred, making them difficult or impossible to read. This information was put to immediate tactical use and resulted in the capture of the position by the US 7th Cavalry Squadron. In November 1943, during Operation Galvanic, marines of the 2nd Marine Division captured important documents at Tarawa Atoll (Betio). Intelligence gained from breaking the codes protecting Imperial Japanese Army radio messages led the Allies to learn that the Hollandia area was only lightly defended, with Japanese forces being concentrated in the Madang-Wewak region. The brief spurt of books in 1943 and 1944, when Japanese were able to visit the occupied Dutch East Indies, dealt mainly with Dutch New Guinea, and then only in a very rudimentary way. It was not just on the islands that important information was captured. [28][29] Secondary landings would take place Aitape, 125 miles to the east, at the same time as those around Hollandia. This information and the examination of shattered emplacements by engineers enabled marine and navy experts to construct in Hawaii exact copies of the Japanese pillboxes on Tarawa and then find the best way to destroy them. The Japanese invasion of the Dutch East Indies began on 10 January 1942, and the Imperial Japanese Army overran the entire colony in less than three months. He told soldiers that ATIS personnel had told him that they had seen Japanese documents held as souvenirs of earlier battles in New Guinea, which contained information of tactical value which if had been turned in at the time, would have saved lives and shortened battles. Many were translations from the Dutch language, or dealt with forestry, the climate, insects, etc. [8], The Japanese high command intended to hold Hollandia. Except for some fairly heavy air raids, the Japanese reacted feebly to this penetration of their last defenses before the Philippines. Also captured on January 19th was a radio chart that was used by I Corps Signal officers to gain highly satisfactory results in the monitoring of Japanese radio communications. This information was immediately translated, relayed to naval and air units, and, coordinated with the translation of a captured map showing enemy positions, resulted in the repulse of the enemy attack by naval and aerial bombardment. The National Archives at College Park as well as other United States and foreign archival institutions hold copies of these publications. 76) and Japanese efforts to fight Plague and Cholera (No. There was also a small airstrip.To the west, the Cyclops Mountains rise to over 7000 feet (2100 m). For his action during the Biak operation, Jack Y. Cannon, the commanding officer of the 41st CIC Detachment received the Silver Star. In May 1943, external requests for information available from ATIS sources led to the development of Information Request Reports published only in answer to specific requests for information. [3] Of these, only one was considered to be complete. The Allied victories in 1943 set the stage for the strategic advances of 1944, but they did not determine the exact lines of attack. After the cessation of hostilities, the War Crimes Echelon, a separate part of ATIS, was established. Interestingly, one of the Japanese operational orders provided the instructions Utmost precautions will be taken to conceal the plan., In mid-March agents of the 40th CIC Detachment captured on Panay Island and Negros Island incriminating documents of Panays puppet governor. In early April 1943, a Japanese map was captured showing hidden positions of 87 barges at Labu, New Guinea. The beach was narrow, though, and only allowed two LCMs to land at a time, while the even bigger LSTs had to remain offshore where they were cross loaded on to LVTs. More than 6,000 graduates served throughout the Pacific Theater during the war and the subsequent occupation of Japan. On March 1, 1944, soldiers found on the body of the commander of Baba Battalion a copy of a field order issued by him in which he ordered an attack on American positions for that same afternoon. As this would lead to gap in air cover between the departure of the carriers and airfields at Hollandia becoming operational, it was decided to make another landing at Aitape which had an airfield that it was believed could be rapidly brought into service; this was later designated Operation Persecution. When Germany and Italy declared war on the United States days later, America found itself in a global war. All of these factors had to be taken into account in determining the lines of advance in 1944. By the end of the day on 23 April the 186th Infantry were about halfway to Lake Sentani, while those from the 162nd had secured Hollandia and were securing the high ground around their objective, winkling out isolated pockets of resistance with aerial support. [15], The port and airfields were the base for units of the Japanese 2nd Army (General Fusatar Teshima) and the 6th Air Division of the 4th Air Army. At the Kempei Tai (Japanese Military Police) headquarters they found numerous lists of names and evidence of collaboration and disloyalty to the Philippines and the United States. This resulted in considerable fatigue for the air crews. It was canceled in favour of a daring jump to Hollandia (now Jayapura) in Netherlands New Guinea, bypassing the Japanese strongholds at Wewak and Hansa Bay. The story begins on March 31, 1944, when two Japanese Kawanishi flying boats were enroute to Mindanao in the Philippines. This document provided a complete list of approximately 40,000 Japanese Army officers together with their assignments. ATIS Inventories were also prepared. Blog of the Textual Records Division at the National Archives. Opposition on the ground at Hollandia was negligible and within four days the two divisions had secured inland Japanese airfields. By the end of the war, ATIS had processed over 350,000 documents (or 1,680 cubic feet of records).[17]. Singapore, the Dutch East Indies and New Guinea had already fallen, and all of Australia's security hopes premised upon Britain's Fortress Singapore ideology had collapsed. 3, Glossary of military terms encountered in Japanese documents; No. 8, Kanji Abbreviations, Variants, and Equivalents; No. Current Translations were publications containing complete translations of documents classified A, B, C, or D in ATIS Bulletins. 3 (Fall 2005). 7 was cancelled and no record is held that No. The Allies proceeded to turn the island into an air base. It was placed under the direction of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence (J-2), Joint Staff, CINCPAC, and CINCPOA (Commander in Chief, Pacific Ocean Areas). In the early months of 1944, both at Bougainville and at Rabaul, large numbers of Japanese troops were effectively put out of action without being confronted in bloody combat. The timely publication of 18 of these reports afforded a wealth of information preparatory to the invasion. 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